許多房東聽到租客要報稅、入戶籍就面有難色甚至拒絕，原因都是會影響到稅率，但你知道房東到底要繳哪些稅嗎？關於出租報稅的問題常困擾許多房東，租租通今天一次來解析各式各樣的稅制！

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3月22日（政府のメディアの日）、1年に1度の時計界の盛会、2017バーゼルは展を表して正式に幕を開けるでしょう、場所はスイスのバーゼルに位置します。その時、多くて有名な腕時計のブランド（ロレックス、オメガ、チュードル、セイコー、すべてのスウォッチグループからのブランド）、およびいくつかは代表性の単独での表を作成するメーカーを高く備えて、世界にそれらの持ってきた全く新しい時計算するシリーズが現れるでしょう。以前、私達はすでにロレックスに対応して、オメガとチュードルのこの3つのブランドはして予測に関連していて、しかしそれでも、バーゼルは展の上であれらの技術が独自の境地に至っていて、新しい工夫をこらした時計のモデルを表して依然として多く人を譲るまで(に)応接にいとまがなくて、だからこのにあって、私達に今回の時計の展覧期間間のいくつか内容に対して１つの簡単なののをしてすかせる。

2017バーゼルが展を表して期待するどんなの内容の値打ちがある私達がありますか？

主要で有名な腕時計メーカーの持ってくる新作の時に計算します：パテック・フィリップ、ロレックス、オメガ、タイ格HOYA、オリス、セイコー…
単独で表を作成する人の持ってくる斬新な時計算します：彼らの中のいくつか人は“くら替え”がSIHHジュネーブまで(に)展の上のcarrﾄdeshorlogers（表を作成する師の専区）を表したのを決定したが、しかしやはり(それとも)今なおバーゼルが展の上で持っていて議席を展覧するのを表す圧倒的部分同志があって、行方の世間の人はそれらが現れてもし泉が湧き出る職人師の心を思い慕います。
しかし…“Palace”はキャンセルしました。あれらが着いてバーゼル世界の人を訪ねたことがあってことがあるにとって、彼らは恐らく大多数は単独で表を作成する師達がすべてひとつのに位置して“ThePalace”の独立のテントの中を称させられるのを知っています。それは多少人の群れを遠く離れて、しかしそれは自由な独立の個性化の息の場所に豊満になられます。しかし今年にあって、このPalaceはを移されて、SIHHといくつか独立制表会社を相殺するために原因などの持ってきた影響を再配置するため、バーゼル世界は展示に参加する単独での表を作成する人達を決定してこれらになって１つの専門の地区を製造しだして、それは“lesateliers”と命名させられて、1.2.に位置しますホールの中で、ここで私達はいくつかのとてもよく知っている顔（MB&Fに会うことができて、ArminStrom，亜承諾します、Czapek、Voutilainen、Gronefeld）。

私達は更に期待することができます：

もっと多い精密な鋼のデザインは現れます――きんでていて複雑なチップは親民の材質にくるまれて、すべて人を楽しくならせるをの考えてみます。
より多く豪華なスポーツのデザイン――いくつかは通常クラシックあるいは正装路線の腕時計のブランドを行って、同じくだんだんの重点をは運動するデザインの方向の偏り（バセロン・コンスタンチンに向って、伯爵、ジラール・ぺルゴなど）、それらは皆例外がなくて、性能および、丈夫だなど方面と高を度のデザインの完璧なのを知っていて互いに結合することに弁別して、そして依然としておなじで優雅な息を持っていて、非常は人に期待させます。
より多く小さいサイズのデザイン――更に技術と性能の方面に集中して、そして焦点を全く市場の中の取引先の期待値の実現の方面の上で置きます。
全体の価格性能比――つまり価格恐らく少量(数)に下がるか下がることはでき(ありえ)なくて、しかしブランド達はすでに明らかなことを始めて、それらは、は以前とと同じ価格ラインの中で消費者達を与えるのがもっと多い、特に3~8万の価格の区間中でこの点はスイスの表を作成する業についてとりわけ重要でなければなりません。

いくつかは関心を持つ要点に値します：

オメガはとても60周年シリーズを奪い取ります――これは現れるたくさん特別なデザインが必ずあるでしょうのを意味して、もちろん全部シリーズがすべて一回の革新に来ても確信がありません。
ロレックスSeaDwellerシリーズ50周年――ロレックスは極めて大きく恐らくこの専門のダイビングのシリーズの中で増やして1人の新しい成員に入りがいます。
パテック・フィリップCalatravaシリーズ85周年――１つの全く新しいシリーズは生き生きしています。
パテック・フィリップAquanautシリーズ20周年――おなじで、或いは１つの全く新しいシリーズはいくつかの特殊なデザインは現れるでしょう。
タイ格HOYAAutavia――“THEAUTAVIACUP”の選出活動の最終デザインは到来するでしょう。
セイコーは聞くところによると１つの人に印象に残らせたダイビングのシリーズを持ってきて、期待しましょう…

 

http://copy2017.com/

Welcome to part II of our three-part series about secondary operations. This article covers finishing options, while the others discuss heat treatments and hardware installation.

When discussing CNC machining surface finishing options, you may have heard terms like as-machined, anodizing, powder coating, or media blasting. But before we dig into the details of those processes, we need to clearly define two terms that are time and again used incorrectly: surface finish and surface finishing.

Let’s clear up the confusion, shall we?

The Distinction Between Surface Finish and Surface Finishing

• Surface finish: Surfaces have characteristics produced by the manufacturing process: lay, roughness and waviness. Each of these is a “surface finish” and basically they quantify how irregular a surface is (on a micro scale). Depending on the function of your product, you might need to target specific values for these characteristics.

• Surface finishing: This term encompasses the processes that protect and improve the appearance of surfaces. Some of these processes add material, some remove material, and some use heat, electricity or chemicals to change the surface finish of a part. This article will expand on those processes with the goal of helping you to choose the best one(s) for your project.

But first, a bit more on surface finish.

Surface Finish

Surface finish should not be confused with the use of geometrical tolerances such as flatness, profile, or total runout. Different methods are used to measure surface finish, and the term describes the irregularities of a surface at the micro-level rather than dimensional inaccuracies. But you may wonder: if geometrical tolerances are defined on your drawing, and if the exterior surfaces of your machined component look ok, why bother with micro levels and layers?

Surface Finish is a Critical Consideration for Points of Contact

CNC surface finish and finishing methods are particularly important if your part is in contact with other components. For example, the purpose of a ball-bearing is to reduce rotational friction and support radial and axial loads. When one of the races rotates, the balls also rotate because of the contact between them. If the surfaces of the balls or the races have the wrong surface finish characteristics, then friction increases, creating additional wear and reducing component lifespan – even when the components were fabricated within geometrical tolerances.

The Three Surface Finish Characteristics

1. Lay: Direction of the predominant surface pattern. Some examples: radial, vertical, horizontal, cross-hatched, circular and isotropic.
2. Roughness: Measure of the total spaced surface irregularities. These deviations can be plotted as a profile (see illustration below). There are different methods to quantify roughness, but the most popular defines averages like arithmetic mean deviation Ra, Root mean squared Rms, and others. Always check what method and parameters are being used in your project – they’ll affect product specifications and result in different values.
3. Waviness: Similar to roughness, these are surface irregularities but with greater spacing.

Pay Attention to Surface Roughness

You can see a visual comparison of surfaces with different roughness values in the image below. In addition to changing the look, roughness plays a key role in contact mechanics since higher roughness values increase friction and cause faster wear on components. More roughness also means more surface irregularities that can become nucleation sites for corrosion and cracks. Still, higher values of roughness aren’t necessarily bad; when you’re interested in adhesion, roughness can be a benefit if you choose an appropriate material and surface finishing option.

Pre-Finish Prep: Masking Holes and Surfaces

Now that you understand surface finish characteristics, we should talk about the prep work that happens before surface finishing processes are applied. 

Masking may be required to protect a surface or hole during the finishing process because some finishes add a layer of material, and that added thickness can interfere with tight tolerances, threaded holes, and press fits. 

For holes less than one inch in diameter, the hole is plugged with a piece of rubber, which prevents the finish from interfering with a tightly toleranced diameter or threaded hole. This process is manual and time-consuming, so each hole that needs to be masked can add to the cost of the part. For holes that are larger than one inch, some manufacturers have large rubber plugs, but some will use surface masking liquid to paint the inside of the holes.

Speaking of surface masking liquid, it’s used to protect surfaces that require a different finish for aesthetic reasons, or because a surface mates with another part and must maintain a certain tolerance. 

In order to mask a surface, a protective lacquer is painted onto the part, then cured by air for about a day. Then comes post-processing when finishes are applied, and another day is required for them to cure. Finally, the masking liquid is removed, leaving the unfinished surface bare. Surface masking invariably requires longer lead times because it’s a manual process that requires curing time. 

Surface Finishing Options

So, you understand surface finish characteristics and pre-finishing prep work, now it’s time to talk about the many finishing options for CNC parts – from conversion coatings and plating to abrasive and polishing processes.

Passivation

Passivation prevents corrosion in steel and stainless steel. The process involves a chemical treatment that removes free iron from the surface of the material, resulting in a smooth, shiny finish. It’s not a coating, so it doesn’t add any thickness to the part and therefore does not require masking.

Chem film or Alodine™

Alodine™, the brand name of chromate conversion coating, is also known as chem film. It’s a thin coating used to passivate aluminum. The bath of chemicals used to apply the coating is often made with proprietary formulas, but all use Chromium as the main component. When requesting Chem film or Alodine™ for your machined parts, you might see the process is to MIL-DTL-5541F spec, which refers to the US Military Specification of Chemical Conversion Coatings on Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys.

Chem film or Alodine™ protective layer serves as a corrosion inhibitor and improves adherence for paints and adhesives, so it can be used in conjunction with decorative finishes. Chem film or Alodine™ also allows aluminum to maintain its thermal and electrical conductivity, while other finishes mitigate that conductivity. The color can be clear, gold, yellow, or tan, depending on the exact product used. It’s typically a cheaper process, and the coating is prone to scratches and superficial damage.

Anodizing

Similar to Chem film or Alodine™, anodizing is a passivation process that creates a protective layer on aluminum parts. The protective layer is formed using an acid electrolyte bath with a cathode passing electric current to the part, which serves as an anode (hence the name). Anodizing is a controlled way to oxidize a base material to improve durability and corrosion resistance. This outer layer is fully integrated with the substrate, so it does not flake or chip like paint and plating can. Due to the coating’s porous nature, anodized parts can also be dyed, painted, and sealed.

There are different types of anodizing: Type I, Type II, and Type III. Each is applied through a different process and results in different coating thicknesses and properties. All anodizing causes aluminum to be electrically non-conductive and prevents corrosion.

• Type I, chromic acid anodize creates the thinnest layer, so it doesn’t change part dimensions. This type of anodize appears grayer in color and does not absorb other colors well. 

• Type II, boric-sulfuric acid anodize, is a safer alternative to Type I. It also has better paint adhesion, so it can be used to give a part a wide range of colors, including blue, red, gold, clear, and many others (suppliers have color charts with all the options). 

• Type III, hard sulfuric acid anodize is the most common type and has the clearest finish, allowing it to be used with the widest variety of colors. However, this finish is slightly thicker than Type II (ranging from .001 to .004 inches). Type III can also be combined with PTFE (commonly known as Teflon). The PTFE results in a dry lubricating surface.

Black Oxide

Black oxide is used on ferrous materials such as steel and stainless steel and it creates a layer called magnetite (Fe₃O₄) that provides mild corrosion resistance. It’s applied using a high-temperature chemical bath that contains alkaline cleaner, water, caustic soda, and a sealant such as oil to provide a smooth, matte finish. There are also variations of this process that function at cooler temperatures, but they offer less abrasion resistance. Masking is not necessary with black oxide as its application does not significantly affect the dimensions of the part.

Electroless Nickel Plating

This process is the deposit of a nickel-alloy coating by chemical reduction without using an electric current. Typical coatings are nickel-phosphorus where the higher phosphorus content improves corrosion resistance but decreases hardness. And if you’re using electroless nickel plating, do so only after heat treating to preserve the corrosion-resistant properties. Aluminum, steel, and stainless steel can all be electroless nickel plated. 

Zinc Plating

There are two similar, but distinct types of zinc plating, and both are called galvanization. In general, both methods are used to protect steel from corrosion. When the coating is damaged and the material is exposed to the atmosphere, the underlying steel does not corrode because zinc is more reactive and oxidizes first.

• Electro-Galvanization: Sometimes called zinc plating, electro-galvanization applies zinc using an electrical current. This process is cheaper and the finished parts are easier to weld. However, the coating is less wear resistant, and therefore should not be used on parts that come in contact with others.
• Hot-dip Galvanization: Also called zinc plating, hot-dip galvanization submerges the part in a molten zinc bath. This process creates a more resistant outer layer. If your application is meant to work in an aggressive environment, you should consider Hot-dip galvanization. 

Powder Coating

Powder coating is used on steel, stainless steel, and aluminum, and is similar to painting your part. In this process, powdered paint is applied electrostatically to a part and either cured in an oven heated to 325-450 degrees or cured using ultraviolet light. Powder coating comes in a variety of colors and gloss levels and creates a thick, smooth uniform coating to provide increased durability.

Powder coating does change part dimensions, however, so tolerance and roughness value control are critical, and holes and mating surfaces with tight tolerances must be masked beforehand. Additionally, powder coatings have low electrical conductivity.

Electropolishing

Electropolishing can be applied to steel or stainless steel and is how you can achieve a super fine or mirror finish on those materials. It uses an electric current and chemical bath to dissolve a tightly controlled layer of the base material. The electropolishing process involves myriad parameters, including base material chemical composition, electrolyte chemical composition, electrolyte temperature, time of exposure, and current density. You can fine-tune those parameters to achieve different levels of polish. The process is cheaper and faster than manual polishing.

Media Blasting

Media blasting is an abrasive finishing process that removes debris and changes the surface roughness of parts. It works using a pressurized jet to fire an abrasive, usually glass or plastic beads or sand, toward the surface of a part. The effect is similar to using sandpaper, but it’s a faster process that provides a more even matte finish. It also works well finishing corners and fillets. A variation of this process uses water to lubricate the surface and trap dust, but bear in mind that using wet blasting on mild steel will result in immediate corrosion.

Media blasting can be used on most metals, including brass, bronze, and copper, and is often combined with other finishes, like anodizing, for its aesthetic benefits.

Tumbling

Tumbling, also known as barrel finishing, gives parts a matte finish by rotating them in a barrel filled with an abrasive or non-abrasive medium. It’s similar to media blasting but is less controlled, due to the larger size of abrasive pieces used. This makes it a lower fidelity process, generally used to remove burrs and sharp edges, and doesn’t work for parts smaller than 1 cubic inch (the size of the tumbling media).

It can be used on any metal and is a relatively cheap process. However, tumbling can create uneven sides and faces on parts, so be sure to check your geometrical tolerances requirements before selecting this option. For 3D printed applications, this process can correct artifacts and visible defects. 

Combining Multiple Finishes

Multiple finishes can sometimes be combined to take advantage of their different properties. For example, media blasting is often done before applying other finishes to hide machining marks and give parts a smooth, matte finish. By combining media blasting with anodizing, for example, you’ll get the surface finish found on Apple’s MacBook laptops.

Type II anodizing and Chem film or Alodine™ can also be combined, though that combo requires masking areas you need to retain thermal and electrical conductivity. And passivation and black oxide are often applied in tandem to steel to provide both corrosion resistance and a nice cosmetic finish.

Key Takeaways

Hopefully, this article has helped you to understand the difference between surface finish and surface finishing, as well as introducing you to the various finishing options for CNC machined parts. To figure out which finishing options will deliver the right protection and aesthetics for your next project, remember to:

• Evaluate the aesthetic and performance surface finish characteristics you want in your finished part, paying attention to the lay, roughness and waviness values you need for your application
• Consider whether your part will contact other components, and the effects increased friction will have on the life of the part
• Consider the operational environment and how much corrosion and wear resistance is needed

If you’re still having trouble figuring out which CNC machining surface finish is right for you, create a free account, and upload your design to get an online CNC quote and see what surface finishing options can be applied to your part. Our team of experienced technical application engineers can help, too!

 

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I know, I know — only yesterday, it seemed like the glazed donut nail moment might be over because the queen of the trend, Hailey Bieber, was seen wearing a non-frosty manicure. But if Jennifer Lopez says it's not over, it's definitely not over — and she said exactly that without saying a word at the Air premiere on Monday.

J.Lo accompanied husband Ben Affleck on the red carpet to celebrate his new film, Air, which he both directed and stars in. But as is often the case, Lopez easily stole the spotlight with her gorgeous look: a French twist with perfect face-framing tendrils, softly smoky makeup, lots of diamonds, and a stunning dress that switches from a colorless, crystal-covered bodice to a full-length highlighter-yellow skirt.

If you're wondering, "Hmmm, what kind of manicure would look great with a bedazzled neon gown?" then Lopez's go-to nail artist Tom Bachik has the answer you seek. He calls them "micro French fantasy" nails, but dare we say it — they're a new take on glazed donut nails. The manicure features the trend's unmistakeable frosty look but reimagines it in a low-contrast, subtly iridescent French manicure.

"Playing off the top of her gown, I wanted similarity without being matchy-matchy, then giving them a vibe by adding the micro French," Bachik tells Allure. "Using Baby's Breath, a sheer milky white by Apreś, I applied one even thin coat to create our base tone. I created the micro French using a white liner gel by Jenny's Secret and kept it super-thin to basically outline' the tip and silhouette the nail."

"And of course we can’t send J.Lo to the red carpet without a little sparkle," he says. "I used a shimmery, iridescent chrome to create the effect and depth."

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The result has a very ethereal feel, and Bachik clearly recognizes that — check out the cute little fairy emoji in the caption. We'd argue this breathes new life — and a little fairy dust — into the glazed donut nail trend.

All products featured on Allure are independently selected by our editors. However, when you buy something through our retail links, we may earn an affiliate commission.

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More mani news:

• The $15 Nail Polish Behind Zendaya's Your-Nails-But-Better Manicure
• Polygel Nails Combine the Strength of Acrylics and the Flexibility of Gels
• Anne Hathaway Wore "Alien Nails" to the Versace Runway Show

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Now watch this yoga instructor's entire routine:

Don't forget to follow Allure on Instagram and Twitter.

Plastic is one of the most useful materials invented by man. It is cheap to produce, light, and has impressive strength. These attributes give plastic a diverse use and an interesting array of processing techniques. One of such techniques is plastic extrusion.

This process has existed for a long time and involves many steps like material preparation, preprocessing, cutting and extruding, which we will discuss in precise detail in this article. Besides, we will examine its working principles, type, merits, demerits, and application.

Contents
hide

I
What is Plastic Extrusion?

II
How Plastic Extrusion Works?

III
Types of Plastic Extrusion Process

IV
Material Options for Plastic Extrusion

V
Applications of Plastic Extrusion

VI
Plastic Extrusion Advantages and Disadvantages

VII
Plastic Extrusion vs Injection Molding: What's the Difference?

VIII
Conclusion

IX
FAQs

What is Plastic Extrusion?

Plastic extrusion is a high-volume manufacturing process that involves the homogenous melting of a thermoplastic material. This melted material could be in the form of pellets, powder, or granules. Subsequently, with sufficient pressure, the melted material leaves the shaping die hole.

The melted plastic leaving the shaping die through the extruder acquires the shape of the die hole. To understand plastic extrusion better, let us examine the parts of the extruder.

Hopper: This is the part of the extruder that stores the powdered, pelleted, or granulated material for the plastic extrusion process.

Feed-throat: This part of the extruder links the hopper to the barrel. In other words, it helps channel the material for use in the plastic extrusion process from the hopper to the barrel.

Breaker plate: The breaker plate helps maintain pressure. It also serves as a filter, preventing foreign materials from entering the barrel.

Barrel: With heat application, this part helps soften the plastic material, bringing it close to its melting point. It also houses the rotating screw, which applies the pressure necessary to force the plastic material down the feed pipe.

Feed pipe: This pipe connects the barrel to the die. In other words, it serves as a channel transporting the molten plastic material from the barrel to the die.

Die: The part is where the molten material leaves from. Made from metal, the die gives the molten plastic the desired profile.

Cooling system: Here, the molten plastic cools rapidly, facilitating solidification.

How Plastic Extrusion Works?

So, how does plastic extrusion work? It can be divided into four main steps.

Step one: Adding additives

The plastic extrusion process begins with adding additives to the plastic material for use in the process. It is quite different from CNC machining. Depending on the manufacturing need, the additives could be colorants or UV inhibitors.

Step two: Moltening material

The next step in the plastic extrusion process is feeding the plastic materials into the hopper. From the hopper, it moves through the feed-throat to the barrel. With tightly regulated temperature, the barrel is equivalent to a melting pot.

Besides, the barrel facilitates the even dispersion of the plastic material used during the process through a huge rotating screw. The plastic material on subjection to both heat and rotation transforms from its solid start to a molten state.

Step three: Forming the mold

On leaving the barrel, the molten material pushed by the rotating screw passes through one or more screens present at the end of the barrel. These screens serve two major purposes simultaneously. Firstly, it rids the molten plastic of foreign bodies and other contaminants. Secondly, it helps ensure pressure remains constant throughout the system by providing uniform resistance. Consequently, when the molten material goes through the screens, it becomes more malleable as its temperature increases considerably.

Getting the desired shape occurs by pushing the molten plastic through the die. This means that the die has to have the shape you desire since the shape you get from the molten plastic is equivalent to the shape of the die.

Step four: Cooling

After passing through the die, the next step in the process is cooling. This could occur by using several cooling rolls or a water shower. Cooling aims to ensure no change occurs in the shape of your extrusion plastic profile.

Generally, the plastic extrusion process aids the creation of basic shapes like sheets and pipes. With the aid of a custom die, you can create complex shapes.

Types of Plastic Extrusion Process

Although there are different plastic extrusion processes, the fundamental principles remain the same. The type of extrusion plastic process depends on the die shape’s complexity and intricacy. Some types are better suited for dealing with complex designs better than others.

Below are the 4 major types of this process manufacturers in the industry employ today;

1. Tubing Extrusion

Tubing extension follows the same general plastic extrusion process until the die section. This process is ideal when dealing with tubes and hollow items like pipes and long tubes. It is also ideal for producing drinking straws and medical tubing.

To produce hollow sections, an extrusion operator puts a mandrel or pin inside the die, followed by applying positive pressure to the internal cavities through the pin. In a situation that involves multiple holes, manufacturers place more than one pin at the center of the die. The number of pins is dependent on the number of holes desired.

Besides, air pressure for pins in this scenario is usually from a different source, making it easy to adjust the size of each hole.

2. Blow-Film Extrusion

The blown-film extrusion method is quite a popular method used for creating items like shopping bags. Like the tubing extrusion plastic method, the die is the major difference between blown-film extrusion and normal extrusion.

The blown-film extrusion die is an upright cylinder with a circular opening ranging from a few centimeters to over three meters in diameter. A pair of nip rolls pull the molten plastic upwards from the die for use in this process.

The nip rollers are often high above the die at a distance of four to twenty meters. The nip roll’s exact height depends on the amount of cooling needed. Furthermore, the speed of the nip rollers determines the wall thickness or gauge of the film. As the film travels upwards, an air ring around the die helps cool it down.

An air exit in the die’s center allows compressed air to be pumped into the center of the circular extruded plastic profile to produce a bubble. This results in some ratio expansion of the circular extruded plastics cross-section. This ratio, also called the blow-up ratio, ranges from a few percent to over 200 percent of the original diameter.

Finally, the nip rolls help flatten the bubble produced into a double-layered film with a width half the circumference of the bubble. This double-layered film has diverse uses, from cutting into different shapes to spooling or printing. It can also be sealed using heat to produce bags and other items.

3. Sheet Film Extrusion

This process is quite similar to blow-film extrusion, but the difference lies in creating the desired shape. In this extrusion type, a pulling and rolling process is the major requirement for attaining the desired shape. This includes determining the surface texture of the sheet as well as its thickness.

The rolling process ensures the product attains the desired shape and facilitates its cooling and permanent solidification.

4. Over-jacketing Extrusion

This type of plastic extrusion is ideal for making insulation wires. The aim here is to give the material a plastic cover. Two major extrusion plastic tooling are used for coating wires: pressure and jacketing.

Both tooling types have their uses, but the one you use for coating wires depends on the intimacy required between the plastic material and the wire.

If intimate contact or adhesion between wire and material is necessary, then pressure tooling is ideal. But if intimacy and contact are unnecessary, jacketing tooling is best.

The major difference between these tooling types is the position of the pin to the die. When the pin extends to the flush with the die, it is jacketing tooling. On the other hand, the pin’s end stays inside the crosshead for pressure tooling. This means molten plastic covers the wire while still inside the die. Pressurization here occurs when both the wire and molten plastic exit the die.

Material Options for Plastic Extrusion

There are a lot of material options available for plastic extrusion. However, the material you use for your project depends on the result you want to achieve.

Below is a list of material options for plastic extrusions.

1. ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene): ABS is made from polymerizing styrene, and acrylonitrile in the presence of polybutadiene is tougher than pure polystyrene. The styrene component of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene abs gives it a waterproof surface and glossy appearance. On the other hand, polybutadiene makes it tough, irrespective of temperature.

2. Acrylic: This compound has diverse industrial uses and applications and excellent light transmission, allowing it to replace the glass. Acrylic provides an ideal balance between weather-ability, strength, and clarity, it can also undergo tinting, diffusion, and frosting depending on specification. It is similar to acrylonitrile styrene acrylate ASA.

3. PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride): This is one of the most used plastic polymers worldwide. It has a wide range of applications in almost every industry. There are two basic forms of Polyvinyl chloride: Rigid PVC and Flexible PVC.

4. Flexible PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride): This material is popular because of its low cost and versatility. It also provides an ideal balance between weather-ability, tear resistance, and tensile strength.

5. Rigid PVC (Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride): Rigid PVC has a good balance of impact resistance and UV stability. This material has been used in constructing pipes and custom plastic profile extrusion applications like refrigeration, windows, and doors. Its stiffness makes it a viable replacement for wood and metal in many applications.

6. CPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride): With its inherent UL94 flame performance, CPVC comes in natural colors. It also provides a high balance of stiffness, high-temperature performance, and impact resistance.

7. Mineral Filled Polypropylene: This material does well regardless of the thermal conditions. It is stable over a wide range of temperatures.

8. Polycarbonate: This material provides a good balance between several attributes, including stiffness, abrasion resistance, impact resistance, colorability, and high and low-temperature performance.

9. Styrene: Like Polycarbonate, styrene is a material that offers an ideal balance of toughness, colorability, strength, and stiffness.

10. TPA (Thermoplastic Alloy): This alloy is ideal for making weatherstrips, gaskets, and other items. It has a good compression set, low-temperature stability, and elongation.

11. Polyethylene: This material provides a good balance of strength, colorability as well as low-temperature performance.

12. TPV (Thermoplastic Vulcanizate): This material has excellent tear resistance, weather-ability, and low-temperature flexibility. It also has good tensile strength.

13. Polypropylene: This polymer has an ideal balance of strength, impact resistance, colorability, and low-temperature performance.

Applications of Plastic Extrusion

Extrusion plastic has several applications while serving diverse industries, below are the major applications of this process.

1. Wire Insulation

Plastics are natural insulators, and when you add their flexibility, they become the ideal choice for insulating live wires. Most wires in the market today with a plastic covering use plastic extrusion as it is durable.

2. Pipes and Tubes

This is one of the most common applications of plastic extrusion with simple die requirements. Most of the market’s pipes and tubes go through plastic extrusion during production.

3. Windows and Doors

Making windows and doors using Plastic extrusion improves their longevity. This is especially true when plastic extrusion manufacturers use PVC. This material has a high resistance to UV rays.

4. Blinds and Shades

You can see another application of Plastic extrusion in blinds and shades. For instance, the wooden appearance seen on most blinds is polystyrene, made from plastic extrusion technologies.

Plastic Extrusion Advantages and Disadvantages

The plastic extrusion process offers several benefits to manufacturers, including flexibility and versatility. Here are some other advantages Plastic extrusion offers.

Advantages of Plastic Extrusion

After Extrusion Manipulation: After extrusion and before cooling, it is still easy to change the shape of the hot plastic. This gives manufacturers a lot of leeways, ensuring the final product is top quality.

Relatively Cheap: As compared to other processes of developing plastic, plastic extrusion is cost-effective. The reason is that it does not require elaborate tooling.

Flexibility: When the cross-section is consistent, plastic extrusion provides considerable flexibility. In other words, plastic extrusion profiles can produce intricate shapes if the cross-section does not change.

Disadvantages of Plastic Extrusion

Change in Size: On removal from the plastic extruder, the hot plastic expands many times. It causes a deviation in the original dimension of the product. Furthermore, it is difficult to ascertain by how much the size of the hot plastic would change.

Limited Products: There is a limit on the type of products manufactured using this technique. Also, manufacturing something different would require a major investment in another type of extrusion equipment.

Plastic Extrusion vs Injection Molding: What’s the Difference?

While both processes result in the production of plastic, they are quite different from each other. Here are a few differences between plastic extrusion and plastic injection molding.

1. Plastic extrusion molding is best for manufacturing 2D products, while on the other hand Injection molding is ideal for the manufacturing of 3D products.

2. In Plastic extrusion, the shape of the plastic is equivalent to the shape of the die from which the extrusion occurs, while in injection molding, the mold gives the molten plastic its final shape.

3. Plastic extrusion leads to the production of typical cross sections easily. On the other hand, you would need intricate dies to achieve atypical cross-sections with injection molding.

4. Injection molded products are stronger than extruded products. The injection molding process is more expensive than plastic extrusion. The reason is due to the costly die requirements needed to produce the mold. However, this also makes the injection molding process more efficient.

Conclusion

The extrusion technologies have many prerequisites, design requirements, and other important considerations. Also, plastic extrusion has a wide range of applications ranging from sheets and films to coating, piping, and tubing. For the best result, always seek out reputable plastic extrusion companies for your plastic manufacturing needs.

WayKen is your right choice. We are a one-stop factory for your plastic fabrication needs starting from the designing phase to the optimization. With the advanced machinery and the experienced team, our team can deliver the extrusion services of reliability, quality, and cost-effectiveness in a few days. Get an instant Quote to start your projects!

FAQs

What Are The Types of Plastic Extruders?

There are three general plastic extruder types: single screw extruder, twin or multiple extruders, and ram extruder. However, twin screws and single screws are the most widely used.

What Are Extruders Used For?

They are ideal for producing long continuous products like tubing, wire covering, and tire threads. They are also perfect for making custom plastic profiles that are easy to cut to size.

How Much Does Plastic Extrusion Cost?

Plastic extrusion costs depend on the design’s complexity and the type of raw material used. However, the process usually costs less than $1,000.

Can Plastic Extrusion Produce Sheets?

Yes, plastic extrusion can produce sheets. It can be done through the sheet film extrusion process.

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摘要

本文深入探討「社群代操如何打造品牌影響力？」揭露業界專家成功背後的策略與案例。在當今數位時代中，理解並利用社群代操以塑造品牌形象變得格外重要。 歸納要點:

• 社群代操的影響力秘訣在於真實互動與高質量內容的結合,透過專業團隊經營,有效提升用戶參與度與忠誠度。
• 專家策略大公開:強調品牌故事的傳達、定位準確的目標受眾和使用數據分析來優化策略。
• 成功案例解碼顯示,具有創新性和個性化的社群活動能夠顯著增加品牌曝光率和用戶互動。
• 根據2022年社交媒體趨勢報告,透過社群代操服務,品牌可見度提升了平均30%(來源:Social Media Trends Report 2022)。

透過精心策劃的社群管理策略及創意活動執行，可以明顯提升品牌影響力。本文通過闡述秘訣、揭露專家策略、深入案例分析以及展望未來趨勢，提供了一份全面而具啟發性的指南。

社群代操的影響力秘訣

在這個數位化的時代，社群代操已成為品牌建立影響力不可或缺的策略之一。究竟，如何運用專業的社群管理來突出品牌特色、吸引目標受眾呢？深入了解目標客群的需求與偏好至關重要。透過精準的資料分析，找出他們最活躍的社群平台和內容喜好。創造高質量且具有吸引力的原創內容是打造影響力不可忽視的一環。是否曾思考過，只有真正與受眾產生共鳴的內容才能促使互動和分享呢？

接著，定期與粉絲互動也同等重要。一個活躍、反應迅速的品牌形象能夠增強粉絲對品牌的信任感及忠誠度。在社群代操中利用新興趨勢和話題作為優勢，可以讓品牌保持新鮮感並提高曝光率。

最後但非最不重要者，在所有操作中始終保持真實性。消費者能夠從海量資訊中辨識出哪些是真誠地傳遞價值、哪些僅是空洞宣傳。

整合上述策略並以日常而直接的方式實施社群代操，將是打造強大品牌影響力路上關鍵所在。
本文歸納全篇注意事項與風險如下，完整文章請往下觀看

• 須注意事項 :
  • 內容同質化風險:在追求趣味性和互動率時可能脫離品牌核心價值,產生與其他品牌類似的內容而失去差異性。
  • 過度商業化問題:若代操團隊過於注重營銷成效而忽視真實交流,可能使得社群平台變得商業氛圍過重,降低用戶粘性。
  • 專業人才依賴度高:社群代操需要依靠有經驗且具創意思維的人才才能成功執行,但此類人才不易招募且成本較高。
• 大環境可能影響:
  • 演算法改變風險:社群平台常調整演算法決定内容曝光率,一旦改變可能直接影響到所管理帳號的表現及達成目标。
  • 信息安全挑戰:受眾日益關注自身信息安全議題,在管理大量用戶數據時須格外注意保護隱私以防數据洩露問题发生。
  • 公眾輿情壓力:因為在公共空間中操作有其不可預測性,在處理突發事件或負面評價時需小心謹慎以免造成品牌形象傷害。

專家策略大公開

在社群代操領域裡，專家們有著他們獨到的策略，讓品牌影響力迅速放大。