# API 607 vs API 608: Key Differences and Applications

When it comes to industrial valves, standards play a crucial role in ensuring safety, reliability, and performance. Two important standards in the valve industry are API 607 and API 608. While they may seem similar at first glance, they serve distinct purposes and apply to different types of valves. This article explores the key differences between API 607 and API 608 and their respective applications.

## Understanding API 607

API 607 is a standard developed by the American Petroleum Institute (API) that focuses on fire testing for quarter-turn valves and actuators. The primary purpose of this standard is to evaluate the ability of a valve to maintain its integrity and functionality after exposure to fire.

### Key Features of API 607

– Fire testing requirements for quarter-turn valves
– Evaluation of external leakage and operability after fire exposure
– Applicable to soft-seated valves (typically with elastomeric or polymeric seats)
– Testing duration of 30 minutes at specified temperatures

### Applications of API 607

API 607 certified valves are commonly used in:

– Oil and gas processing facilities
– Petrochemical plants
– Refineries
– Any application where fire safety is a critical concern

## Understanding API 608

API 608 is another API standard that specifically covers metal ball valves. Unlike API 607, which focuses on fire testing, API 608 establishes design, material, and testing requirements for ball valves used in various industrial applications.

### Key Features of API 608

– Covers full-port and reduced-port ball valves
– Specifies design requirements for flanged, threaded, and welded end connections
– Includes pressure-temperature ratings
– Addresses materials, dimensions, and testing procedures
– Does not include fire testing requirements

### Applications of API 608

API 608 compliant valves are widely used in:

– Pipeline systems
– Process industries
– Water treatment facilities
– General industrial applications

## Key Differences Between API 607 and API 608

While both standards relate to valves, they serve fundamentally different purposes:

Feature | API 607 | API 608

Primary Focus | Fire testing and safety | Design and manufacturing standards
Valve Types | Quarter-turn valves (not limited to ball valves) | Specifically metal ball valves
Testing Requirements | Fire endurance testing | Pressure testing, material verification, etc.
Seat Materials | Primarily soft seats (elastomeric/polymeric) | Metal or soft seats
Certification | Fire safety certification | General quality and performance certification

## Choosing Between API 607 and API 608

The choice between these standards depends on your specific requirements:

– If fire safety is your primary concern, especially for soft-seated quarter-turn valves, API 607 certification is essential.
– For general ball valve applications where fire safety isn’t the main focus but quality and performance are important, API 608 compliance is appropriate.
– In some cases, you might need valves that meet both standards, particularly for critical applications in hazardous environments.

## Conclusion

Understanding the differences between API 607 and API 608 is crucial for selecting the right valves for your application. While API 607 focuses on fire safety testing for quarter-turn valves, API 608 establishes comprehensive design and manufacturing standards for metal ball valves. By carefully considering your operational requirements and potential hazards, you can make informed decisions about which standard (or combination of standards) best meets your needs.

# Triangular Roof Truss Supplier for Quality Construction Solutions

## Introduction to Triangular Roof Trusses

Triangular roof trusses have become an essential component in modern construction projects. These prefabricated structural frameworks offer numerous advantages over traditional roofing methods, making them a popular choice among architects, builders, and contractors.

## Why Choose a Professional Triangular Roof Truss Supplier?

When it comes to construction projects, quality materials and precise engineering are paramount. Partnering with a reliable triangular roof truss supplier ensures:

– Structural integrity and safety
– Cost-effective solutions

– Faster construction timelines
– Customized designs to meet specific project requirements
– Compliance with building codes and regulations

## The Manufacturing Process of Quality Roof Trusses

Our triangular roof trusses undergo a rigorous manufacturing process:

1. Precise engineering calculations
2. Selection of high-grade timber or steel
3. Computer-aided cutting and assembly
4. Quality control inspections
5. Proper packaging for transportation

## Applications of Triangular Roof Trusses

These versatile structural elements find application in various construction projects:

– Residential homes
– Commercial buildings
– Industrial facilities
– Agricultural structures
– Institutional buildings

## Benefits of Using Triangular Roof Trusses

Clients who choose our triangular roof truss solutions enjoy multiple advantages:

### Structural Efficiency

The triangular design naturally distributes weight evenly, providing superior load-bearing capacity.

### Cost Savings

Prefabricated trusses reduce labor costs and minimize material waste on-site.

### Design Flexibility

Our trusses can be customized to accommodate various roof pitches, spans, and architectural styles.

### Quick Installation

Precision-engineered components allow for rapid assembly, accelerating project timelines.

## Choosing the Right Triangular Roof Truss Supplier

When selecting a supplier for your construction project, consider these factors:

– Years of experience in the industry
– Quality certifications and compliance standards
– Manufacturing capabilities
– Project portfolio
– Customer service and support

## Our Commitment to Quality

As a leading triangular roof truss supplier, we maintain strict quality control measures throughout our production process. Our team of experienced engineers and craftsmen ensures that every truss meets the highest standards of durability and performance.

## Contact Us for Your Construction Needs

Whether you’re working on a small residential project or a large commercial development, our triangular roof truss solutions can provide the structural support your building requires. Reach out to our team today to discuss your specific needs and receive a customized quote.

# Chinese Copper Decorations: A Timeless Art Form

## The Rich History of Chinese Copper Art

Chinese copper decorations boast a history spanning over 3,000 years, dating back to the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE). The ancient Chinese mastered copper metallurgy earlier than many other civilizations, creating both functional items and exquisite decorative pieces.

Archaeological discoveries reveal that early copper artifacts were primarily used in religious ceremonies and as status symbols for the elite. The famous “Simuwu Ding,” a massive bronze cauldron from the Shang Dynasty weighing 832.84 kg, demonstrates the advanced copper-working techniques of ancient China.

## Traditional Techniques in Copper Decoration

Chinese artisans developed numerous specialized techniques for working with copper:

Lost-Wax Casting

This intricate method involves creating a wax model, covering it with clay, then melting the wax to leave a mold for molten copper. The technique allows for extraordinary detail in decorative pieces.

Repoussé and Chasing

Artisans hammer designs from the reverse side (repoussé) and refine details from the front (chasing) to create stunning relief patterns on copper surfaces.

Inlay Work

Skilled craftsmen embed precious metals like gold and silver into copper surfaces to create contrasting decorative patterns.

## Symbolism in Chinese Copper Decorations

Traditional Chinese copper decorations are rich in symbolic meaning. Common motifs include:

• Dragons – representing imperial power and good fortune
• Phoenixes – symbolizing harmony and marital bliss
• Peonies – denoting wealth and honor
• Bats – homophones for “good fortune” in Chinese

## Regional Variations Across China

Tibetan Copper Crafts

Tibetan artisans create elaborate copper prayer wheels, butter lamps, and ritual objects adorned with Buddhist symbols and deities.

Yunnan Minority Copperwork

The ethnic groups of Yunnan province produce distinctive copper jewelry and household items featuring geometric patterns and nature-inspired designs.

Beijing Palace-Style Copperware

Developed for imperial use, this style features intricate dragon motifs and sophisticated enamel work on copper surfaces.

## Modern Applications of Traditional Craft

Contemporary designers are finding innovative ways to incorporate traditional Chinese copper decoration techniques into modern interiors:

• Copper wall panels with laser-cut traditional patterns
• Minimalist copper furniture with subtle Chinese motifs
• Copper lighting fixtures combining ancient shapes with modern technology

## Preserving the Ancient Craft

Several initiatives are helping to preserve Chinese copper decoration traditions:

1. Government-recognized “intangible cultural heritage” status for master craftsmen
2. Apprenticeship programs at major craft centers
3. University programs combining traditional techniques with modern design
4. International exhibitions showcasing Chinese copper art

Chinese copper decorations represent a perfect marriage of artistic expression and technical mastery. From ancient ritual objects to contemporary design elements, this enduring art form continues to evolve while maintaining its cultural roots.

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Targeting the PI3K/mTOR Pathway: Emerging Inhibitors and Therapeutic Strategies

Introduction

The PI3K/mTOR pathway plays a critical role in regulating cell growth, proliferation, and survival. Dysregulation of this pathway is frequently observed in various cancers, making it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. In recent years, significant progress has been made in developing inhibitors targeting key components of this pathway, offering new hope for cancer treatment.

The PI3K/mTOR Pathway: A Key Signaling Network

The PI3K/mTOR pathway consists of several interconnected signaling molecules, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). This pathway integrates signals from growth factors, nutrients, and cellular energy status to regulate fundamental cellular processes. When abnormally activated, it can drive tumorigenesis and resistance to therapy.

Current PI3K/mTOR Pathway Inhibitors

Several classes of inhibitors have been developed to target different nodes of the PI3K/mTOR pathway:

PI3K Inhibitors

These compounds target the catalytic subunits of PI3K, with examples including idelalisib (approved for certain leukemias) and alpelisib (approved for breast cancer). They are classified based on their specificity for different PI3K isoforms.

Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibitors

Compounds like dactolisib and voxtalisib simultaneously inhibit both PI3K and mTOR, potentially overcoming resistance mechanisms that develop with single-target agents.

mTOR Inhibitors

This category includes rapalogs (e.g., everolimus, temsirolimus) that target mTORC1, and newer generation mTOR kinase inhibitors that block both mTORC1 and mTORC2.

Emerging Therapeutic Strategies

Recent advances in targeting the PI3K/mTOR pathway include:

Combination Therapies

Combining PI3K/mTOR inhibitors with other targeted agents (e.g., HER2 inhibitors, PARP inhibitors) or immunotherapy to enhance efficacy and overcome resistance.

Isoform-Specific Inhibitors

Development of more selective inhibitors targeting specific PI3K isoforms to improve therapeutic index and reduce side effects.

Biomarker-Driven Approaches

Using genetic and molecular profiling to identify patients most likely to benefit from PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibition.

Challenges and Future Directions

Despite progress, several challenges remain, including pathway reactivation, feedback loops, and toxicity management. Future research focuses on developing next-generation inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetics, identifying predictive biomarkers, and optimizing combination strategies.

Conclusion

The PI3K/mTOR pathway represents a promising target for cancer therapy, with an expanding arsenal of inhibitors and strategies. As our understanding of pathway biology and resistance mechanisms grows, so does the potential for more effective, personalized treatments for patients with pathway-dependent cancers.

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Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Screening Kit for Protein Kinase Research

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) play a crucial role in cellular signaling pathways, regulating processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of PTKs is often associated with various diseases, including cancer, making them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. To support researchers in this field, our Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Screening Kit provides a powerful tool for identifying and characterizing potential inhibitors.

Why Use a Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Screening Kit?

Traditional methods for screening tyrosine kinase inhibitors can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. Our kit simplifies the process by offering:

• High-throughput compatibility for rapid screening of compound libraries
• Sensitive detection of kinase activity and inhibition
• Standardized protocols for reproducible results
• Compatibility with multiple tyrosine kinase targets

Key Features of Our Screening Kit

The Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Screening Kit includes all necessary components for efficient screening:

• Purified tyrosine kinase enzymes
• Optimized reaction buffers
• Fluorescent or colorimetric detection substrates
• Positive control inhibitors
• Detailed protocol and data analysis guidelines

Applications in Protein Kinase Research

This versatile research tool supports multiple applications:

• Drug discovery and development
• Mechanistic studies of kinase inhibition
• Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis
• Validation of computational predictions
• Comparative studies of kinase inhibitor selectivity

Advantages Over Traditional Methods

Compared to conventional kinase assays, our screening kit offers:

Getting Started with Your Research

Our Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Screening Kit is designed for researchers at all levels, from academic laboratories to pharmaceutical development teams. The comprehensive protocol ensures easy implementation, while the robust design delivers reliable results for your protein tyrosine kinase research projects.

For more information about specific kit configurations or custom solutions for your research needs, please contact our technical support team.

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Isotope-Labeled Peptides for Metabolic Tracing Studies

Metabolic tracing studies have become an essential tool in understanding cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and drug metabolism. Among the various techniques available, the use of isotope-labeled peptides has gained significant attention due to their precision and versatility in tracking metabolic pathways.

What Are Isotope-Labeled Peptides?

Isotope-labeled peptides are synthetic peptides that incorporate stable isotopes, such as ¹³C, ¹⁵N, or ²H, into their amino acid sequences. These isotopes do not decay over time, making them ideal for long-term metabolic studies. By introducing these labeled peptides into biological systems, researchers can trace their incorporation into proteins, monitor turnover rates, and analyze metabolic fluxes with high accuracy.

Applications in Metabolic Research

The use of isotope-labeled peptides spans multiple areas of research, including:

• Protein Turnover Studies: By tracking the incorporation of labeled peptides into proteins, scientists can measure synthesis and degradation rates, providing insights into cellular health and disease states.
• Drug Metabolism: Labeled peptides help identify metabolic pathways of pharmaceuticals, aiding in drug development and toxicity assessments.
• Nutrient Utilization: Researchers can study how cells utilize amino acids and other nutrients by observing the fate of isotope-labeled peptides in metabolic pathways.

Advantages Over Traditional Methods

Compared to radioactive tracers or unlabeled peptides, isotope-labeled peptides offer several advantages:

• Safety: Stable isotopes are non-radioactive, eliminating radiation hazards.
• Precision: Mass spectrometry can detect even minute quantities of labeled peptides, enabling highly sensitive measurements.
• Flexibility: Multiple isotopes can be used simultaneously to trace different metabolic pathways in the same experiment.

Challenges and Considerations

While isotope-labeled peptides are powerful tools, their use comes with challenges:

• Cost: Synthesizing labeled peptides can be expensive, especially for large-scale studies.
• Complexity: Data interpretation requires advanced analytical techniques, such as mass spectrometry.
• Biological Variability: Metabolic rates can vary between cell types and organisms, necessitating careful experimental design.

Future Directions

As technology advances, the applications of isotope-labeled peptides are expected to expand. Innovations in mass spectrometry, peptide synthesis, and computational modeling will further enhance their utility in metabolic research. Additionally, combining these peptides with other tracing methods, such as fluorescence labeling, could open new avenues for multi-modal studies.

In conclusion, isotope-labeled peptides represent a cutting-edge approach to metabolic tracing, offering unparalleled insights into biological systems. Their continued development promises to deepen our understanding of metabolism and its role in health and disease.

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Endotoxin Detection Using LAL Kinetic Chromogenic Assay

The LAL Kinetic Chromogenic Assay is a widely used method for detecting endotoxins in pharmaceutical products, medical devices, and other materials. This assay leverages the clotting mechanism of Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) to provide a highly sensitive and quantitative measurement of endotoxin levels.

How the LAL Kinetic Chromogenic Assay Works

The assay operates by mixing the sample with LAL reagent, which contains enzymes that react with endotoxins. The reaction follows these steps:

• Endotoxin Activation: Endotoxins activate Factor C in the LAL reagent.
• Cascade Reaction: Activated Factor C triggers a series of enzymatic reactions.
• Chromogenic Substrate Cleavage: The final enzyme cleaves a synthetic chromogenic substrate, releasing a yellow-colored compound (p-nitroaniline).
• Measurement: The rate of color development is measured spectrophotometrically at 405 nm, correlating with endotoxin concentration.

Advantages of the Kinetic Chromogenic Method

This method offers several benefits over traditional endotoxin detection techniques:

Keyword: LAL Kinetic Chromogenic Assay

• High Sensitivity: Can detect endotoxin levels as low as 0.005 EU/mL.
• Quantitative Results: Provides precise endotoxin concentration measurements.
• Automation-Friendly: Suitable for high-throughput testing with microplate readers.
• Reduced Interference: Less affected by sample color or turbidity compared to gel-clot methods.

Applications in Pharmaceutical Testing

The LAL Kinetic Chromogenic Assay is particularly valuable in:

• Quality control of injectable drugs and medical devices
• Monitoring water systems in pharmaceutical manufacturing
• Validation of depyrogenation processes
• Research and development of new therapeutics

Regulatory Considerations

This method is recognized by major pharmacopeias including:

• United States Pharmacopeia (USP <85>)
• European Pharmacopoeia (EP 2.6.14)
• Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP 4.01)

When performing the assay, it’s crucial to follow Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and validate the method according to regulatory requirements for each specific application.

Conclusion

The LAL Kinetic Chromogenic Assay represents a gold standard for endotoxin detection, combining high sensitivity with quantitative precision. Its widespread adoption in pharmaceutical quality control underscores its reliability in ensuring product safety and compliance with stringent regulatory standards.

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Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Kinetic Chromogenic Assay for Endotoxin Detection

Introduction

The Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) Kinetic Chromogenic Assay is a highly sensitive and quantitative method for detecting bacterial endotoxins. This assay is widely used in pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device industries to ensure product safety and compliance with regulatory standards.

Principle of the LAL Kinetic Chromogenic Assay

The assay is based on the clotting mechanism of the blood cells (amebocytes) of the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus). When endotoxins interact with the LAL reagent, they activate a cascade of enzymatic reactions that ultimately cleave a synthetic chromogenic substrate. The rate of color development, measured spectrophotometrically, is directly proportional to the endotoxin concentration in the sample.

Advantages of the Kinetic Chromogenic Method

Compared to other endotoxin detection methods, the kinetic chromogenic assay offers several benefits:

• High sensitivity (detection limit typically 0.005-0.01 EU/mL)
• Quantitative results with a broad dynamic range
• Reduced interference from sample components
• Automation-friendly format

Applications in Pharmaceutical Testing

The LAL kinetic chromogenic assay is particularly valuable for:

• Quality control of parenteral drugs and medical devices
• Endotoxin testing of water for injection (WFI)
• Validation of depyrogenation processes
• Monitoring of biopharmaceutical production environments

Regulatory Considerations

This method is recognized by major pharmacopeias including:

• United States Pharmacopeia (USP <85>)
• European Pharmacopoeia (EP 2.6.14)
• Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP 4.01)

Conclusion

The LAL kinetic chromogenic assay represents the gold standard for endotoxin detection, combining scientific rigor with practical utility. Its continued evolution ensures it remains an indispensable tool for safeguarding patient health in the manufacture of sterile pharmaceutical products.

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Swiss Precision Machine Shop Services

Swiss machine shops are renowned for their unparalleled precision, efficiency, and ability to produce complex, high-tolerance components. These facilities specialize in Swiss-style machining, a process that originated in Switzerland for manufacturing watch components but has since evolved to serve industries like aerospace, medical devices, and automotive. With advanced CNC Swiss lathes and multi-axis capabilities, Swiss machine shops deliver exceptional accuracy and repeatability, making them indispensable for high-volume production of intricate parts.

The Advantages of Swiss Machining

Swiss machining offers several distinct advantages over conventional turning and milling processes. The unique sliding headstock design allows the workpiece to move axially while the cutting tools remain stationary, enabling ultra-precise machining of long, slender parts with minimal deflection. This method is particularly effective for producing small-diameter components with tight tolerances, often achieving accuracies within ±0.0002 inches.

Key benefits of Swiss machining include:

• Superior precision for complex geometries
• Ability to machine delicate or thin-walled components
• Reduced material waste through efficient bar feeding
• Simultaneous multi-operation machining

Keyword: Swiss Machine Shop

• Excellent surface finishes without secondary operations

Applications of Swiss Machining

Swiss machine shops serve a wide range of industries that demand precision components:

Medical Device Manufacturing

The medical industry relies heavily on Swiss machining for surgical instruments, implants, and diagnostic equipment. The ability to work with biocompatible materials like titanium and stainless steel while maintaining sterile surface finishes makes Swiss machining ideal for medical applications.

Aerospace Components

Aerospace applications require parts that can withstand extreme conditions while maintaining precise dimensions. Swiss machine shops produce fuel system components, fasteners, and sensor housings that meet rigorous aerospace standards.

Electronics and Microtechnology

The electronics industry benefits from Swiss machining’s capability to produce miniature connectors, pins, and other small-scale components with exceptional accuracy.

Choosing the Right Swiss Machine Shop

When selecting a Swiss machine shop for your precision machining needs, consider these critical factors:

Equipment and Technology

Top-tier Swiss machine shops invest in state-of-the-art CNC Swiss lathes with live tooling, Y-axis capabilities, and sub-spindle operations. Look for shops with multi-axis machines that can handle complex parts in a single setup.

Quality Assurance

Reputable shops implement rigorous quality control measures, including:

• In-process inspection with advanced metrology equipment
• Statistical process control (SPC) monitoring
• Comprehensive documentation and traceability
• ISO 9001 or AS9100 certification

Material Expertise

A skilled Swiss machine shop should have experience working with various materials, including:

• Stainless steel (303, 304, 316, 17-4PH)
• Aluminum alloys
• Titanium
• Plastics (PEEK, Delrin, Ultem)
• Exotic alloys

The Swiss Machining Process

Understanding the Swiss machining workflow helps appreciate its

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Secure Strategies for Buying and Managing Digital Accounts: Latest Insights

In today’s digital age, buying and managing online accounts securely is more critical than ever. Whether you’re purchasing social media profiles, gaming accounts, or subscription services, understanding the risks and implementing best practices can save you from fraud, scams, and data breaches. This guide provides the latest insights on how to buy and manage digital accounts safely.

Why Secure Account Purchasing Matters

The digital marketplace is rife with opportunities, but it also attracts malicious actors. Unauthorized account sales, phishing scams, and identity theft are common threats. By adopting secure strategies, you can minimize risks and ensure a smooth transaction process.

How to Buy Digital Accounts Safely

1. Choose Reputable Platforms

Always purchase accounts from trusted marketplaces or verified sellers. Platforms with escrow services, user reviews, and dispute resolution mechanisms offer an added layer of security. Avoid deals that seem too good to be true—they often are.

2. Verify Seller Authenticity

Before making a purchase, research the seller’s reputation. Look for verified badges, transaction history, and feedback from previous buyers. If possible, communicate directly with the seller to assess their credibility.

3. Use Secure Payment Methods

Opt for payment methods that offer buyer protection, such as PayPal or credit cards. Avoid irreversible payment options like cryptocurrency unless you fully trust the seller. Escrow services can also help ensure funds are only released upon successful account transfer.

4. Check Account Details Thoroughly

Before finalizing a purchase, verify the account’s legitimacy. Confirm login credentials, associated email addresses, and any recovery options. Ensure the account hasn’t been flagged or banned by the platform.

Best Practices for Managing Digital Accounts Securely

1. Enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)

2FA adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second verification step, such as a code sent to your phone. This makes it significantly harder for unauthorized users to access your account.

2. Change Passwords Immediately

After acquiring an account, change the password immediately. Use a strong, unique password that combines letters, numbers, and special characters. Avoid reusing passwords across multiple accounts.

3. Update Recovery Information

Replace any existing recovery emails or phone numbers with your own. This ensures you retain control over the account and can recover it if needed.

4. Monitor Account Activity

Regularly check login history and active sessions for suspicious activity. Many platforms provide tools to review recent access attempts and log out unfamiliar devices.

5. Be Wary of Phishing Attempts

Scammers often target account buyers with fake emails or messages posing as official platforms. Always verify the sender’s authenticity before clicking links or sharing sensitive information.

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

1. Ignoring Platform Policies

Many platforms prohibit account trading. Violating these terms can result in permanent bans. Always review the platform’s policies before purchasing an account.

2. Overlooking Account History

Accounts with a history of violations or suspicious activity may be flagged later. Request as much information as possible about the account’s past usage