2024更新!租屋報稅省很大!常見申報疑問看這就對了!

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又到了五月的報稅季,從以前很難用的讀卡機,到現在用手機就能報稅!不過很多租客在報稅時都會產生一些疑問,下面這些常見的租屋報稅問題,你是否遇過呢?讓我們一起來破解迷思吧!
(註:本文接下來介紹的是「租客」申報所得稅的部分,關於房東要繳納的稅請見「房東要繳什麼稅?常見房東報稅問題總整理!」這篇文章)

租屋報稅租客該怎麼報?

以租屋族而言,繳納個人綜合所得稅時,在一般扣除額可以選擇「標準扣除額」或是「列舉扣除額」二擇一來申報租金支出。如果選擇「標準扣除額」,單身每人都可享124,000元的扣除額度,而夫妻合併申報則可以享248,000元的扣除額度,選擇「列舉扣除額」,每一申報戶租金每年扣除數額以12萬元為限!
至於應該選擇哪一種方式?如果列舉扣除額各項項目加總後,金額大於標準扣除額的金額,採用列舉扣除額才會划算!所以如果金額未大於標準扣除額,建議就採用標準扣除額即可,也不需要準備列舉申報的證明文件,直接省去跟房東的攻防戰。另外租金支出將從列舉扣除額改為特別扣除額,額度則由12萬元,提高至18萬元,預計2025年報稅適用。

立即搜尋「可報稅」房源!

還有可養寵、可入籍、台水台電計費等各種特色房源等你來搜尋~

The Ligue 1 Review – Week 2

In a new feature, Get French Football News writers Eric Devin and Adam White combine forces to produce a set of ten talking points, with a focus on each of Ligue 1’s matches

1 Canny loanees spur impressive Bastia

While the likes of Allan Saint-Maximin and Enzo Crivelli have failed to pull up any trees with their parent clubs, (Monaco and Bordeaux, respectively) if Saturday’s result is anything to go by, Bastia have done exceptionally well in the loan market this summer. Subdued against Paris Saint-Germain last Friday when used as a lone striker, his physical power overwhelmed by that of Presnel Kimpembe and David Luiz, Crivelli sparkled against Lorient, even if his penalty miss denied him a hat trick.

Dropping deep to get the ball or acting as a hold-up threat for the pacy likes of Saint-Maximin and Thievy Bifouma, Crivelli was an ideal fulcrum for Bastia’s attack. As fine as he was though, he was easily outshone by Saint-Maximin, whose stunning goal was icing on a dynamic performance.

Some younger attacking players when sent on loan are often all too eager to neglect their defensive duties, but given Bastia’s stern ethos it is unlikely that the club could afford to have a passenger in attack and the youngster and Bifouma were both eager to track back and help their midfield.

Granted, the dismissals of Didier Ndong and Benjamin Jeannot mean this performance must be taken with a grain of salt, but these early performances, some fine defending against Paris Saint-Germain last Friday included, have the team off to a very impressive start. ED

2 Wissam Who?

With the club ten points from safety and just ten games to play, the situation was desperate for Toulouse. Enter Pascal Dupraz; the new manager’s success rate had been inconsistent and his time at Evian ended unceremoniously after relegation but, as the TFC fans pointed out with their bizarre Tinder themed tifo ahead of Saturday’s Garrone derby with Bordeaux, Dupraz and Toulouse are a perfect match.

Key to their survival hopes was Dupraz’s ability to get the best from their star frontman Wissam Ben Yedder. The former Futsal player had been wayward and disinterested for much of the campaign but it was his 17 goal haul, 8 in the last 10 games, which largely accounted for TFC’s survival. With Ben Yedder finally getting his move to Sevilla and no adequate replacement in sight, Toulouse fans could’ve been forgiven for feeling pessimistic ahead of the season. Following their promising opening draw at the Velodrome and the 4-1 demolition of Jocelyn Gourvennec’s exciting new Bordeaux side, their mood will be somewhat brighter, mainly thanks to Martin Braithwaite.

The Danish international has shuffled across to take WBY’s place as both centre forward and club talisman. A deft free kick put the game beyond FCGB at 3-0 before turning Fred Guilbert inside out to make it four while his constant harrying and pressure turned out to be too much for Nicolas Pallois; a stray arm from the centre back lead to his second yellow. Braithwaite ran the show and Toulouse will be ever more confident that survival is not all the can hope for this season, even without Ben Yedder. AW

3 Guingamp’s (partial) Youth Revival

The appointment of Antoine Kombouare was seen as a major coup for the Breton club this summer. His time at Lens had disappointed to some degree, but his role in the development of Jean-Philippe Gbamin and Wylian Cyprien was paramount, furthering his reputation as a manager skilled in developing youth.

Marcus Coco had been a fitful present last season under Jocelynn Gourvennec, and Ludovic Blas impressed this summer at the European U-19 Championships, but neither had made much of an impact at club level.

This season, Coco has been impressive in wide areas in Kombouare’s 4-4-1-1, creating space for the likes of Jimmy Briand or cutting inside with the ball at his feet. Blas, seen as a natural successor to the departed Younousse Sankhare, hasn’t featured as much, but not down to his own doing.

As much as Gourvennec trusted in veteran players, he sometimes took that approach to an extreme, the likes of Lars Jacobsen and Thibault Giresse probably used past their best. Kombouare has hit on the right balance, then, with Lucas Deaux replacing Sankhare in central midfield and Jordan Ikoko playing at right back.

The former Nantes midfielder is often thought of for his rather dour style, as able to play center back as central midfield, but his brilliant overlapping run on Sunday shows the multivalence of his style, and he has established a good understanding alongside Mustapha Diallo.

With Nico Benezet still to return, and creditable results against Marseille and Monaco on the books, Kombouare’s balance of old and new looks impressive indeed. ED

4 Cavani’s Confidence

The shadow of Zlatan Ibrahimovic no longer looms over the Parc de Prince. With the mercurial Swede enjoying life in Manchester, everyone connected with PSG has been able to start afresh under Unai Emery.

Everyone accept Edinson Cavani, that is. During King Ibra’s reign, the Uruguayan was often marginalised; moved out of position to accommodate Zlatan and his ego with his outstanding Napoli form and goalscoring exploits fading rapidly. With the big man gone, this was supposed to be Cavani’s season; playing through the middle with the Ligue 1 top scorer title there for the taking.

After injury prevented his inclusion against Bastia, Cavani’s return came on Sunday night against Metz and he will be more than disappointed with the results. A mistimed free header, a tame shot easily saved by Didillon when clean through and getting the ball stuck under his feet with the goal gaping only for it to ricochet off a defender onto the post were lowlights of a less than clinical first half for PSG’s number 9.

Although he will likely be given time to find his form again, the signings of Ben Arfa and Jese may not be enough to cover the central striker role and Emery may now be more inclined to delve into the transfer market again to at least add some genuine competition for Cavani who, as his sliced shot with Didillon stranded late in the second half proves, is devoid of confidence and struggling to rediscover his form. AW

5 Lyon’s Selection Dilemmas

The injuries to Jeremy Morel and Christophe Jallet have prevented the two French fullbacks from being available to Bruno Genesio at present, but upon their return, the manager will have some tough choices to make. Maciej Rybus had an assured debut against Caen on Friday, displaying a conservative, no-nonsense approach.

The youngster Yann Karamoh got the better of him on a few occasions early on, but the Polish international came to grips with the speedy winger soon enough, even getting forward himself a few times.

When compared to Jeremy Morel having last seen being torched by Paris Saint Germain, the former Terek Grozny player presents Genesio with a more suitable option against high-quality opposition, particularly in the Champions’ League.

On the other flank, Rafael has been at his swashbuckling best this season in the league, but given his performance in the Trophee de Champions, there is something still lacking in his defensive abilities, particularly against top opponents.

Christophe Jallet turns 33 in October but his tenure in Lyon has been as similarly industrious as Rybus’, getting forward when necessary, but also allowing the front three to attack without worrying about opposing fullbacks. With the likes of Nabil Fekir and Maxwell Cornet needing that sort of freedom to be at their best, might Genesio re-examine his options in defence? ED

6.Monnet-Paquet’s Potential

In a league often characterised by conservatism, Christophe Galtier stands out, his teams seeming to define the word functional. Often favouring a 4-3-3 setup with three central players who rarely exceed the “holding” tag and less than ambitious full backs, Galtier has managed to grind his way to a European place in each of the last four seasons.

However, to gain the progress the fans crave and the stature of the club demands, in both Ligue 1 and Europe, he may have to shift toward the expansive and dispense with one of his three stewards solemnly guarding the back four sooner rather than later.

The signing of Bryan Dabo’s dynamism was a step (albeit a small one) in the right direction but to really assert pressure on weaker sides and dominate games, he needs more pace and a more forward thinking outlook.

Could Kevin Monnet-Paquet provide the answer? With the talented but unreliable Romain Hamouma injured, KMP proved that he could be the direct, pacey winger that Galter needs (working in tandem with Oussama Tannane) to stretch teams and commit defenders. His speed and intensity were assets to St Etienne in their 3-1 win over Montpellier on Sunday afternoon, Monnet-Paquet proving his worth with a snap half volley to pull his side level early in the second half.

Les Verts would look far more balanced with KMP and Tannane either side of the more creative (and slowing) Hamouma in support of striker Robert Beric, perhaps affording the side the guile to unlock more defensive teams where in the past, they had fallen short. AW

7 Monaco’s Strength in Depth

In between two legs of a tricky Champions’ League tie against Villarreal and with a massive match against Paris Saint-Germain at the weekend, a trip to the Stade de la Beaujoire was a less than ideal match for a Monaco side that had stumbled badly in losing to Guingamp last weekend.

Nantes’ home ground is always an epicentre of fervent fan action, and Saturday was no exception. Under Rene Girard, the team have also endeavoured to be more purposeful in attack, surely a worrying sign for a Monaco back line that would be rotated in anticipation of Tuesday’s second leg in the Champions’ League. However, as the visitors’ 1-0 win proved, Leonardo Jardim need not have worried.

Buoyed by strong performances from the trio of 20 year olds who had a combined total of two starts between them, (Gabriel Boschilia, Abdou Diallo, Kevin N’Doram) Monaco were resolute in defence and opportunistic in attack.

Boschilla did spurn a chance on the counter, but his movement and pace created some strong interplay with Ivan Cavaleiro, playing as a nominal center forward in a 4-3-3.

Marcel Tisserand, deployed at centre back after a season on loan with Toulouse, likewise wasn’t perfect, as he was perhaps lucky to avoid conceding a penalty, but his combination of physicality and pace made him a fine partner for Kamil Glik. Matches like these will allow these youngsters the time necessary to develop and gain confidence; should they continue to deliver, Monaco’s league form need not suffer at the expense of their European involvement. ED

8 De Preville to succeed Boufal…?

The emergence of Sofiane Boufal at LOSC last season was one of the stand out stories from Ligue 1 last season, the cocky, prodigiously talented forward tore apart French back fours for fun at times and almost single handedly dragged his side by their shirt collars into the top 5.

Unsurprisingly, however, his displays were noticed by a number of clubs from across the channel and with Lille needing the cash, Boufal was expected to leave this summer. A meniscus injury may have delayed the inevitable but Lille will need a successor, whether that be now, in January or next summer.

Signed from Reims, via Oostende, Nicolas De Preville could be that man. After his surprise inclusion in the Lille eleven to face Dijon, he was only able to provide glimpses of his undoubted quality in the opening hour but the building blocks remain in place for him to assume Boufal’s mantel; his verve, style, creativity and delivery point to him being a prominent weapon for Lille this year.

But whether he can mirror his Moroccan counterpart will be an intriguing ongoing side story as the campaign unfolds. He has much work to do. AW

9 Angers’ New Look Goes Awry

As much as Romain Saiss and Thomas Mangani were key to the functionality of Angers’ resolute 4-5-1 last season, there was still something of a thought that the system was at least as important as the players, and that the pair’s absences wouldn’t be keenly felt.

However, in an attempt to provide some semblance of attacking impetus, manager Stephane Moulin has ignored just how important the two midfielders were last season. Saiss’ energy in front of a superb back four and Mangani’s elegance drove the team’s surprise season, and while goals were something previously lacking, Moulin’s new approach in this regard has something of the child who wants to use all of his toys at once, and it was once again on display in a 1-0 loss to Nice.

Moving from the 5-4-1 that was adept at playing on the counter to a more dour 4-3-3, the manager’s insistence on playing all of Karl Toko Ekambi, Famara Diedhiou and Gilles Sunu has led to a slow-footed front three much less suited to the lack of possession so prominent in Angers’ style.

The best exponents of 4-3-3 of late (Barcelona, Paris Saint-Germain) generally play with much of the ball, the passing vision of the midfield creating opportunities for the forwards. Billy Ketkeophomphone was played in midfield Saturday against Nice, but despite a strong match, the former Tours player’s defensive responsibilities meant he wasn’t able to truly stretch play as he did so last year.

A diamond 4-4-2 with Ketkeophomphone behind two strikers or Toko Ekambi (a quicker alternative to Diedhiou) in a 5-4-1 might yield better results. With Dijon and Metz in the club’s next two matches, the team desperately need to take advantage of their fixture list. ED

10 Tough Times for Nancy

Two games, five conceded, no points and no goals. The Ligue 2 champions have had a poor start to their return to the French top flight and despite the new relegation playoff between third bottom in Ligue 1 and third top in Ligue 2, their chances of keeping their head above water are looking slimmer already.

Despite the fact that they have had two trying tasks so far (home to Lyon and away at Rennes), their squad has barely been improved upon from that which won promotion in May. Angers proved that Ligue 2 talent can be enough to keep your side afloat in Ligue 1 but Stephane Moulin made sweeping changes to his first 11 over the summer months of 2015; Saiss, Ndoye, Ketkeo, Capelle, Sunu, Traore and Andreu were all parachuted into his first choice team come August. Nancy seem to have followed a path similar to that of the woeful Troyes side who were so readily cut adrift last season.

Apart from the acquisition of former Guingamp forward Christophe Mandanne, who spent an unsuccessful year in the UAE, they have gone little further than the signing of promising forward Anthony Koura from Nimes and 19 year old Ajaccio prospect Vincent Marchetti.

Although budget constraints play a considerable part in this case, as they did with Jean-Marc Furlan and Troyes, Pablo Correa has a significant task to make his Nancy side competitive this year. Without reinforcements or some form soon, it could be a long season for the new boys. AW

Team of the week: Kevin Trapp, Paris Saint-Germain; Kevin Malcuit, AS Saint-Etienne, Oswaldo Vizcarrondo, FC Nantes, Nicolas N’Koulou, Olympique Lyonnais, Layvin Kurzawa, Paris Saint-Germain; Angel Di Maria, Paris Saint-Germain, Allan Saint-Maximin, SC Bastia, Oscar Trejo, Toulouse FC, Yannis Salibur, EA Guingamp ; Martin Braithwaite, Toulouse FC, Kevin Monnet-Paquet, AS Saint-Etienne

Goal of the week: Allan Saint-Maximin, SC Bastia

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Sherpa Blanket Warm Blankets for Winter Super Soft Fuzzy Flanne

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Overview

Basic Info.

Model NO.
TPSB0608-2901

Material
Polyester

Age Group
Adults

Feature
Anti-Pilling, Portable

Type
Blended Blanket

Knitting Method
Machine Weaved

Pattern
Plain Color

Usage
Home, Travel, Airplane, Picnic, Hospital, Bath, Hotel

Transport Package
Insert Card + Crossribbon

Trademark
N/A

Origin
China

Production Capacity
50000PCS/Month

Product Description

Product Description

  • About this item
  • RIDICULOUSLY SOFT & WARM – Snuggle up with what may be your softest fuzzy blanket yet… Made from microfiber cashmere and faux sheepskin, this plush throw/blanket will keep you toasty.
  • CHOOSE THE PERFECT SIZE – It’s easy to find blankets & throws that the whole family will love with all the sizes we offer.  Whether you need a small or large comfy blanket, we’ve got one for everyone!
  • REVERSIBLE BLANKET – No matter how you nestle, you’ll always come face-to-face with a luxuriously soft blanket!  Turn onto the cashmere side for velvety warmth, or onto the faux sheepskin side for upscale comfortable.
  • A BREEZE TO CLEAN – Machine wash your cozy blanket in cold water on the delicate cycle.  Tumble dry on low heat and remove promptly when done for plush throw blankets that won’t fade, pill, or shed.

 

 

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2 , Sufficient production capacity:
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-weaving/knitting capacity: 50-100K yards per day
-cut & sew/packing: around 20-40K pcs per day depends on items-container loading: 10x 40hicu/day
3, Planning
Carry safety stock for 4-6 weeks for replenishment.
On-time delivery rate is 98% in our record for year 2018.
4, Financial support and reliability
With the support from state-owned group STIG, can pre-buy the material and maintain the cost despite the market fluctuation.
5, Team
we have experts in products development, quality control; design/testing; shipping etc.
6, Future development:
We are able to develop new products for our customers, any new ideas are welcome.

 

Mathieu Valbuena to stay at Lyon – President

Lyon President Jean Michel Aulas has told L’Équipe that attacking midfielder Mathieu Valbuena will be staying at the club, despite negotiations with Celta Vigo over a possible deal.

Celta Vigo and Lyon seemed to be ready to reach an agreement, with the Spanish side ready to offer Valbuena a 3 or 4 year contract.

However, in return Celta were looking for Mathieu Valbuena to take a considerably smaller salary, something which he was not prepared to do.

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Moussa Sissoko blames Newcastle United

Speaking in an interview with L’Équipe Magazine, French international midfielder Moussa Sissoko pointed the finger at his club Newcastle United for his current situation.

“It is true that since I came back from my holiday at the beginning of August, I have trained again with Newcastle, but as I am supposed to leave, I am training a little away from the squad, sometimes I am with them for smaller exercises, but for the important sessions, I am not there… Newcastle are asking for €40m for me to be transferred. Honestly, they are overdoing it, they bought me for barely €2m. That is why things are taking longer.”

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Official | Romain Saiss joins Wolves

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Wolverhampton Wanderers have announced today that they have completed the signing of Angers defensive midfielder Romain Saiss.

Saiss joins the Championship club on a four-year-deal from the Ligue 1 club for an undisclosed fee and has become Wolves’ 10th summer signing under new boss Walter Zenga.

Saiss made 35 appearances for Angers last season, and helped the club to a ninth place finish after a great start to the campaign. The midfielder has also been capped 5 times by Morocco, and has spoken about moving to the Midlands club.

“I am very happy to be here. Wolves is a good club for me” said Saiss speaking to the official club website.

“It has a good project to get to the Premier League. The stadium, the fans and the training facilities are fantastic and I’m really happy to come here. I hope to play in many matches and help take the club to the Premier League as soon as possible.”

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T.S.

FROM SAMURAI TO MODERN COLLECTORS: THE EVOLUTION OF THE KATANA SWORD

From Samurai to Modern Collectors: The Evolution of the Katana Sword

From Samurai to Modern Collectors: The Evolution of the Katana Sword

The katana sword stands as one of the most iconic symbols of Japanese culture. Samurai warriors originally used it, and over time, modern collectors have prized it. Over centuries, the authentic Japanese katana evolved from a weapon of war into an artistic masterpiece. In this article, we explore how the katana sword has transformed and why it continues to captivate people today.


I. The Origins of the Katana Sword

The katana sword emerged in Japan during the Kamakura period (1185-1333). Swordsmiths designed its curved blade for swift, precise cutting. Samurai relied on the katana for its sharpness and agility in battle. The sword’s unique shape allowed warriors to execute quick, one-stroke movements. The authentic Japanese katana symbolized not just a weapon but also the warrior’s soul and honor.

Skilled swordsmiths spent months forging each blade with great care. They layered high-carbon and low-carbon steel to create the katana’s strength and flexibility. Through a method called differential hardening, they made the blade both incredibly sharp and resistant to breaking.


II. The Katana in Samurai Culture

For centuries, the katana sword represented a samurai’s status. Samurai considered it more than a tool of war; they saw it as an extension of their spirit. They carried their authentic Japanese katana with immense pride and treated it with great respect. The Japanese Sword stood for honor, loyalty, and duty.

Samurai also used the katana sword in important ceremonies. They performed rituals involving their katana shop, reinforcing the deep connection between the warrior and the weapon. These traditions further cemented the sword’s significance in Japanese culture.

III. The Decline of the Katana as a Weapon

During the Meiji Restoration (1868-1912), Japan modernized rapidly. The government worked to dismantle the samurai class and adopt Western military practices. Firearms replaced swords in combat, and samurai no longer needed the katana sword. The government enacted laws that prohibited the public display of swords, reducing the katana’s role in society.

Despite its decline as a weapon, the authentic Japanese katana still represented Japanese heritage. Swordsmiths continued to create katanas, not for war, but as works of art. These swords embodied Japan’s history and craftsmanship.

IV. The Katana Sword as an Art Form

In the 20th century, collectors began to appreciate the katana sword for its artistic value. They recognized the skill and precision involved in crafting an authentic Japanese katana. Museums and private collectors started acquiring these swords for their historical and aesthetic significance. Each katana became a unique masterpiece, reflecting the talent of its maker.

The intricate design of the katana sword attracted art collectors worldwide. The blade’s elegant curve, the detailed hamon (temper line), and the carefully crafted handle showcased its beauty. The sword evolved into a symbol of Japan’s cultural identity and artistic craftsmanship.

 

V. The Modern Katana Collector

Today, collectors across the world highly value the katana sword. Owning an authentic Japanese katana signifies prestige. Modern collectors admire the katana for its historical importance and artistic beauty. Some focus on acquiring ancient blades, while others seek newly crafted katanas from traditional swordsmiths.

To collect a katana sword requires dedication and knowledge. Authentic katanas are often rare and expensive. Collectors must verify the authenticity by examining its origin, materials, and craftsmanship. Many enthusiasts join sword-collecting communities, where they exchange knowledge and share their appreciation for these remarkable swords.

VI. The Katana in Popular Culture

Movies, video games, and anime have also popularized the katana sword. Films like “Kill Bill” and “The Last Samurai” have highlighted the sword’s elegance and lethality. These portrayals introduced the authentic Japanese katana to global audiences, sparking renewed interest in its history and craftsmanship.

In pop culture, creators often depict the katana sword as the ultimate weapon. Its precise cuts and deadly speed captivate viewers, making it a symbol of power and skill. This widespread representation has fueled a new generation of katana enthusiasts and collectors.

VII. Preserving the Legacy of the Katana Sword

Traditional swordsmiths continue to preserve the legacy of the authentic Japanese katana. Despite modern advancements, these artisans still use ancient techniques to forge katanas by hand. Their dedication ensures that the art of katana-making endures.

Preserving the katana sword involves more than forging new blades. Collectors, museums, and scholars work to maintain the historical significance of these swords. They study ancient techniques, catalog historical swords, and teach future generations about the katana’s importance in Japanese culture.

VIII. Conclusion

From its roots in samurai warfare to its place in modern collections, the katana sword remains a powerful symbol of Japanese craftsmanship and culture. Its evolution from a weapon to an art form highlights its versatility and lasting appeal. Today, owning an authentic Japanese katana reflects its rich history and unparalleled craftsmanship. As collectors and enthusiasts continue to admire its beauty and legacy, the katana will undoubtedly remain a timeless icon.


THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF LASER CUTTING MACHINES: FROM BASICS TO MASTERY

The Working Principle of Laser Cutting Machines: From Basics to Mastery

The Working Principle of Laser Cutting Machines: From Basics to Mastery

I.Introduction

Laser cutting machines have become indispensable in a variety of industries, including automotive, aerospace, electronics, medical, and industrial manufacturing. Understanding the working principles of a laser cutting machine is crucial not only for improving operational efficiency but also for reducing downtime and optimizing cutting quality. This article provides an in-depth explanation of how these machines work, focusing on key technologies, operational techniques, and emerging trends.

II.Basic Knowledge of Laser Cutting Machines

What Is Laser?

A laser, which stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation, is a concentrated beam of light with unique properties. It is highly coherent, monochromatic, and capable of being focused into an intense energy source. Based on their operating principles and materials used, lasers are classified into solid-state lasers, gas lasers, and fiber lasers. Each type offers specific advantages depending on the application.

Components of a Laser Cutting Machine

A laser cutting machine consists of several key components:

Laser Source: This is the core component that generates the laser beam. Different sources, such as CO2 lasers or fiber lasers, cater to specific cutting needs.

Optical System: Mirrors and lenses guide and focus the laser beam onto the material surface.

CNC Control System: This ensures precise movement and control of the laser head and cutting path.

Work Table: The material to be cut is placed on this table. A common example is the single table laser cutting machine, which is widely used for compact operations.

Auxiliary Gas System: Gases like oxygen, nitrogen, or compressed air enhance cutting quality and remove debris during the process.

The Basic Principle of Laser Cutting

The cutting process begins when the laser beam is focused onto the material surface. The high energy density causes localized melting or vaporization of the material. Simultaneously, auxiliary gases remove the molten material or vapor, resulting in a clean cut. This process is highly precise and suitable for both metals and non-metals.

III.Detailed Working Principles of Laser Cutting Machines

Generation and Transmission of the Laser Beam

The laser beam is generated inside the laser source. The beam travels through the optical system, where it is directed and focused onto the cutting surface. Maintaining the correct alignment of the optical system is critical to achieving optimal results.

Focusing and Power Adjustment

The laser beam is focused using lenses or mirrors to achieve a small focal point with maximum energy density. The position of the focal point significantly affects the cutting quality. Proper power settings are also crucial, as they determine the penetration depth and speed of the cutting process.

Interaction Between Laser and Material

Different materials respond uniquely to laser energy. For instance, metals like stainless steel and aluminum reflect a significant portion of the laser energy but can still be cut effectively with the right wavelength and power settings. Non-metals, on the other hand, often absorb laser energy more efficiently. The absorption rate, combined with the materials thickness, determines the cutting efficiency.

Role of Auxiliary Gases

Auxiliary gases play a vital role in laser cutting. For example:

Oxygen enhances the cutting speed for carbon steel through an exothermic reaction.

Nitrogen creates a clean edge for stainless steel by preventing oxidation.

Compressed Air is a cost-effective alternative for thinner materials.

Selecting the right gas ensures high-quality cuts and reduces post-processing requirements.

IV.Types of Laser Cutting Machines and Their V.Features

Key Types

CO2 Laser Cutting Machines: Best suited for non-metals and certain metals, offering high-speed cutting with excellent edge quality.

Fiber Laser Cutting Machines: Known for their efficiency and ability to cut reflective metals like aluminum and copper.

Solid-State Laser Cutting Machines: These machines are ideal for applications requiring ultra-precise cuts.

Comparison of Features

Fiber laser cutting machines typically offer faster speeds and lower maintenance costs compared to CO2 machines. Solid-state lasers, while more expensive, provide unparalleled precision for intricate designs. Single table laser cutting machines are particularly popular for operations requiring compact setups and quick changeovers.

VI.Operating and Application Techniques

Basic Operation Steps

Turn on and calibrate the laser cutting machine.

Program the cutting path using the CNC system.

Place the material on the work table and adjust the focus.

Begin cutting, ensuring that auxiliary gases are set correctly.

Applications in Various Industries

Metal Fabrication: Cutting stainless steel, aluminum, and carbon steel.

Artisanal Work: Creating intricate designs in wood, acrylic, and other materials.

Precision Parts: Manufacturing components for aerospace and medical industries.

Tips for Improved Efficiency

Optimize cutting parameters like speed and power.

Maintain the machine regularly to avoid breakdowns.

Use high-purity auxiliary gases for consistent results.

VII.Common Problems and Solutions

Cutting Quality Issues

Burrs and Dross: Caused by improper gas pressure or low power settings. Adjusting these parameters resolves the issue.

Poor Penetration: Often due to aging laser sources or misaligned optics.

Equipment Maintenance

Regular cleaning and calibration of the optical components, as well as timely replacement of worn-out parts, ensure consistent performance.

VIII.Selecting the Right Laser Cutting Machine

Choosing the right machine depends on factors such as:

Material Type and Thickness: Fiber lasers excel in cutting reflective metals, while CO2 lasers are better for non-metals.

Budget Considerations: Factor in both initial investment and operational costs.

Manufacturer Support: Working with a reliable laser cutting machine manufacturer ensures access to technical support and spare parts.

IX.Future Trends and Developments

Laser cutting technology continues to evolve, with innovations focusing on higher power outputs, increased automation, and greener solutions. The integration of AI and IoT into laser cutting machines promises improved efficiency and real-time monitoring, opening new opportunities in emerging industries like renewable energy and advanced manufacturing.

X.Conclusion

Laser cutting machines have revolutionized modern manufacturing, offering unmatched precision and versatility. By understanding their working principles and optimizing their usage, businesses can maximize productivity and maintain a competitive edge. As a trusted laser cutting machine manufacturer, we are committed to providing advanced solutions and exceptional support, ensuring your success in this dynamic field.